Why Medieval Armies Regression? Revisiting the Transition from Phalanx to Pike Squares

One might wonder why medieval armies did not continue to use phalanx or legion-style formations that were highly effective in ancient times. Several factors contributed to the decline and eventual disappearance of these formations. This article will explore the reasons behind this regression in warfare techniques.

The Challenges of Armour in Phalanx Combat

Helmets, armour, and weapons significantly altered the dynamics of ancient combat. The effectiveness of weapons like short spears and swords depended on their ability to penetrate the armour and body of enemies. However, with the advent of better armour, such as chainmail and plate armour, the effectiveness of these weapons diminished. Opponents would now bounce off with sword blades or spears, instead of being pierced through. This led to the development of larger, heavier, and longer weapons for range and impact advantages. (Approx. 100 words)

Introduction of Pike Squares

Pike squares and tertios, medieval equivalents of phalanx formations, were often highly effective and flexible. These formations required well-trained and disciplined individuals, typically mercenary companies, to execute flawlessly. Notable examples include Swiss and German mercenaries who led the charge in pike formation warfare. Despite the prowess of these units, the feudal lords of the time often could not afford to arm enough men to form such vast and densely packed square formations. (Approx. 150 words)

The Decline and Evolution of Ancient Warfare

The Greek and Roman phalanx had been in decline even before the rise of Macedonian pike formations. Over time, the Roman army evolved to adapt to changing circumstances, becoming a highly adaptable and proficient fighting force. Even in the Byzantine era, the Roman army remained competitive, facing complex opponents and highly developed military technologies. (Approx. 100 words)

Disappearance and Revival of the Phalanx

The Roman legions of the post-Marian reforms were phased out in the later Roman Empire and Dark Ages. Highly specialized and intensive training, combined with extensive equipment, made the legions formidable but also very costly to maintain. As the Roman Empire declined, it struggled to sustain this tradition, leading to a transformation to more conventional tactics. (Approx. 100 words)

Chivalry and the Rise of Cavalry

As armor, saddles, and horse breeding advanced, the importance of the cavalry increased, overshadowing infantry. The emphasis on mobility and the mounted and armored knight became the centrepiece of medieval armies. This shift in focus ultimately contributed to the regression of phalanx and legion tactics. (Approx. 100 words)

The Reappearance of Phalanx in Medieval Warfare

The classical phalanx returned in the form of the shield wall used by Saxon and Viking warriors. The Macedonian phalanx reappeared as the Swiss pike formation, which dominated European battlefields for centuries. The evolution from pike to harquebus (primitive rifles) to bayonets exemplifies the cycle of innovation and adaptation in medieval warfare. (Approx. 100 words)

This article has comprehensively addressed the reasons behind the transition from phalanx to pike square in medieval warfare. The impact of technological advancements, tactical flexibility, and the rise of cavalry all played significant roles in the evolution of medieval combat. The discussion highlights the importance of adaptability and innovation in the face of changing military technologies and enemy tactics.