Why Autism Severity and Functioning Labels Are Misleading

Many people are familiar with the concept of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) being a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and varying levels of cognitive impairment. However, the idea of 'severity' or 'functioning' levels within autism is both outdated and misleading. This article delves into why these labels are harmful and emphasize the need for a more inclusive and supportive approach to understanding and addressing the needs of autistic individuals.

Evolution of Diagnostic Schema

Modern diagnostic schemas of autism do not incorporate types or subtypes but instead use a spectrum model to describe the varying and idiosyncratic presentations of a single Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The traditional notion of 'mild' (high functioning) and 'severe' (low functioning) forms of autism is no longer part of the clinical or technical nomenclature. Instead, the focus is on assessing individual support needs on a spectrum of levels, from needing no support to very substantial support.

The Spectrum Model and Support Levels

The autism spectrum is seen as a non-linear model. In place of severity labels, a system of support levels has been introduced:

Level 1: Need support Level 2: Need substantial support Level 3: Need very substantial support

While these levels provide a framework for understanding different levels of support needs, they are not without issues. Terms like 'high functioning' and 'low functioning' can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misunderstandings. For instance, some individuals may be incorrectly labeled as 'mild' and overestimated in their abilities, leading to a lack of appropriate support. Conversely, others may be underestimated, receiving excessive support that limits their potential.

The Harm of Misleading Labels

The use of severity or functioning labels can have significant negative consequences for autistic individuals:

Masking: Individuals labeled as 'high functioning' may feel pressured to mask their true selves and blend in with neurotypical individuals. This can lead to chronic stress and emotional exhaustion. In private settings, they might let their guard down, causing additional emotional strain. Inability to reach potential: Underestimations of abilities in 'low functioning' labels can prevent individuals from trying new things or developing skills fully. This can limit their opportunities and personal growth. Self-esteem issues: Labels that do not accurately reflect true capabilities can lead to demotivation and lower self-esteem. Autistic individuals may feel they are not measuring up to societal expectations, leading to a constant desire to prove their worth. Societal inclusivity: The perpetuation of inaccurate labels can hinder societal inclusion and understanding. These labels can foster ableism and disableism, creating barriers to full participation in society.

The Importance of a Supportive Approach

Instead of focusing on severity or functionality, the emphasis should be on providing appropriate and tailored support based on individual needs. This approach recognizes the unique strengths and challenges of each individual. Here are some steps toward a more inclusive and supportive view:

Cultivate understanding: Educate the public about the diversity of autism and the importance of acceptance. Encourage people to understand that autism is not a linear condition and that challenges can vary widely. Focus on strengths: Highlight the artistic, logical, and creative talents that many autistic individuals possess. Emphasize these strengths to help individuals build confidence and find their place in society. Provide personalized support: Tailor support plans to address specific needs and challenges. This can include therapies, accommodations, and access to resources that help individuals thrive.

Conclusion

Terminology such as 'severity' and 'functioning' labels in autism is not only misleading but also harmful. They create unnecessary barriers and can limit the potential of autistic individuals. By adopting a more nuanced and supportive approach, we can work towards a more inclusive and understanding society. Let us move beyond outdated labels and focus on celebrating the unique qualities and potential of every individual on the autism spectrum.