Understanding the Philosophy of Stoicism: A Guide for Modern Times

What is Stoicism?

Stoicism is a philosophy that advocates the control of emotions and the acceptance of what cannot be changed. At its core, Stoicism is the idea that one's feelings are not a reflection of reality but a product of one's past experiences. As such, individuals can learn to control their reactions to feelings and observe the underlying emotions without those feelings taking control. This discipline in understanding and managing one's emotions has been a cornerstone of Stoic philosophy.

The Roots of Stoicism

The Stoic school of thought was founded in ancient Greece, specifically in Athens, around 300 BCE. Although early Stoic teachings were influenced by earlier Greek philosophers like Zeno of Citium, the philosophy gained significant attention through the work of subsequent philosophers such as Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Professor Anthony Gottlieb's work, The Dream of Reason, highlights the influence of early Stoic physics on the concept of space, time, and infinity, demonstrating the influence Stoicism had even in the early understanding of the natural world and beyond.

Stoicism and the View of Nature

Central to Stoic philosophy is an understanding of nature, particularly the concept of Fate and Providence. According to Stoics, the universe is ruled by an ordered and inevitable flow of events known as Fate, and this should be embraced rather than resisted. The idea that we are destroyed by unexpected events is misguided, as these events are part of the natural order and cannot be altered. Stoics believed that by accepting the inevitable, individuals can live more peacefully and rationally. This acceptance is not inaction or resignation to suffering but in understanding that some things are beyond our control.

Resignment and Acceptance

A key aspect of Stoicism is the concept of resigned acceptance, particularly as expressed by figures like Epictetus. Epictetus's belief that "only for everything to happen as it actually does happen" suggests that one should not seek to change the uncontrollable aspects of life but rather accept them. This practice prevents unnecessary emotional distress and teaches individuals to focus on what they can control. The Stoics advocate for avoiding attachment to things that will inevitably be lost or taken away, suggesting that one should freely give up possessions and care for them in a new, more detached way.

Providence and the Role of God

The Stoic belief in Providence, or the idea that the universe is in the hands of a benevolent god, plays a significant role in the philosophy's teachings. Seneca, a prominent Stoic philosopher, argued that adversity is sent to us to test our virtues and that it is therefore a hidden blessing. While adversities can be challenging, they also present opportunities for growth and development, particularly in enduring difficult situations and living virtuously.

The Divergence from Christianity

One of the major differences between Stoic philosophy and early Christianity lies in the concept of an afterlife. Stoics believed that death is a natural part of life, and that the soul disintegrates with the body. Christians, on the other hand, believed that the afterlife is a place where justice would be served independently of earthly circumstances. This belief in an afterlife where justice prevails is one of the key reasons why Stoicism and Christianity became separate philosophical and religious movements.