The Boon or Curse of Democracy in India: Literacy and Its Impact
India, a land where democracy has flourished for over 70 years, continues to pose intriguing questions about the impact of literacy on political freedom and national continuity. As the country marked its journey from a nation-state ravaged by centuries of predation to an enduring republic, the democratic franchise has played a significant role in shaping its identity and trajectory.
Democracy as a Boon for the Illiterate
The argument in favor of democracy in India is compelling, especially in the context of the population's literacy levels in 1950. When less than 20% of the population was literate, the right to vote, the freedom to express opinions, and the choice to affiliate with political parties became essential tools for the ordinary people. This empowerment was not a panacea but a crucial mechanism that allowed the unlettered masses to influence national priorities through their voluntary associations. As the Republic of India began, it was a nation-state with exhausted people, and many believed it would falter due to widespread poverty and illiteracy.
Eighty years later, India stands as a testament to the belief that democracy can survive and even thrive in such conditions. The consistent structure of a republic, an unbroken constitution, and a diverse populace demonstrate the enduring spirit of a democratic nation. The democratic system provided a platform for the masses to voice their concerns and participate in governance, which might not have been possible under authoritarian rule. The fractious relationship between the state and its citizens is replaced by a voluntary union, reflecting the consent of the governed.
The Role of the Democratic Franchise
The democratic franchise has been transformative, allowing people to exercise their rights to property and personhood. For many Indians, the transition from tenants to owners of small pieces of land marked a significant social and economic change. This shift towards individual ownership is a fundamental acknowledgment of the individual’s autonomy, which has often been the lack of in many parts of the world. The democratic system has enabled the Indian people to make informed choices about their livelihoods and well-being, leading to a more stable and peaceful society.
Further, the democratic framework has prevented the concentration of power in the hands of the military. India’s vast and volunteer-based armed forces are a testament to the voluntary nature of military service in a democratic country. Unlike in authoritarian states, India does not rely on conscription, which leads to a more voluntary and motivated military force. This ensures that the armed forces operate with respect for the democratic principles that govern the nation.
The Impact of Consent and Stability
The democratic franchise has not only enabled individual empowerment but also fostered a sense of collective responsibility among the people. Unlike many authoritarian nations, India has not engaged in wars against other countries, which has contributed to a stable internal environment. The people of India are not content with merely being governed; they actively participate in the nation’s governance, ensuring that policies reflect their aspirations.
Furthermore, the political landscape in India is a stark contrast to nations that have struggled despite authoritarian regimes, such as Libya, Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and North Korea. The success of these authoritarian models is questionable in the long term, as evidenced by their frequent instability and conflict. India, on the other hand, has demonstrated that a democratic framework can coexist with a less literate populace and still thrive.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the democratic franchise in India has proven to be a boon rather than a curse. Despite starting from a low literacy rate, the democratic system has empowered the masses, fostered stability, and prevented the concentration of power in the military. The Indian people's willingness to participate in the democratic process, even in its nascent stages, has laid the foundation for a resilient and enduring republic.