Behaviorist Theory in Language Learning: Educational Implications for the Classroom
The behaviorist theory of learning, as proposed by Edward Thorndike and later expanded upon by B.F. Skinner, holds significant implications for the second or foreign language classroom. This theory emphasizes observable behavior and the process of learning through repetition, reinforcement, and clear objectives. Understanding these principles can help teachers design effective and engaging language learning environments.
Behaviorist Theory Basics
In behavioral theory, learning is seen as a process of conditioning, where behaviors are shaped through stimulus and response. The two main forms of conditioning are classical conditioning (where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response) and operant conditioning (where behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them).
Thorndike's Principles of Learning
Thorndike's work on learning principles laid the foundation for behaviorist theory. According to Thorndike, these principles include:
Laws of Readiness: This principle suggests that students are more likely to learn when they are ready. This could be through physical (e.g., having the energy to participate), psychological (e.g., being motivated to learn), or mental (e.g., being prepared mentally for the lesson). Law of Exercise: This principle emphasizes the importance of practice and repetition in the learning process. It suggests that more practice leads to stronger memory and higher proficiency. Law of Effect: This principle states that the consequence of a behavior determines whether it is reinforced or not. Positive reinforcement encourages behaviors, while negative reinforcement (removal of an unpleasant stimulus) also encourages them.Implications for the Second/Foreign Language Classroom
Behaviorist theory has several implications for how teachers conduct language classes:
1. Emphasis on Practice and Repetition
Teachers who adopt a behaviorist approach will focus on providing ample opportunities for students to practice language skills. This could involve a variety of exercises, from drills and recitations to written and oral practice. The belief is that "practice makes perfect," and that repetition helps learners remember and use new language accurately.
2. Clear Objectives and Expectations
Behaviorist teachers set clear, achievable objectives for their students. This helps guide students' focus and makes the learning process more structured. For example, a clear objective might be for students to master 10 new vocabulary words each week, or to learn a specific grammar rule and use it correctly in a test.
3. Reinforcement and Feedback
Reinforcement is crucial in a behaviorist framework. Teachers provide positive reinforcement through praise, rewards, or simply acknowledging correct answers. Negative reinforcement, such as giving feedback to improve performance, also plays a role. Students who do not achieve the desired outcomes may be asked to redo exercises or receive additional support until they demonstrate understanding and mastery.
4. Rote Learning and Drills
Behaviorist teachers often emphasize rote learning and drills to build fluency and accuracy. For example, in a language classroom, recitation drills might be used to memorize past tense verbs or to practice multiplication tables in mathematics. Drills are repetitive activities that help students internalize language patterns and structures.
5. Limited Discussion and Discovery Learning
Behaviorist theory tends to limit classroom activities that focus on discussion, discovery learning, and critical thinking. These activities are more associated with constructivist theories. In a behaviorist classroom, the focus is often on correct answers rather than understanding or explaining concepts. This approach may lead to a less flexible and creative learning environment.
Conclusion
The behaviorist theory of learning, with its emphasis on observable behavior, repetition, and reinforcement, has practical applications in the second or foreign language classroom. While it can be effective in building foundational language skills, it may not be the best approach for all learners or all aspects of language learning. Teachers may benefit from combining behaviorist principles with other theories to create a well-rounded and engaging learning experience.
By understanding the foundational principles of behaviorist theory, educators can better tailor their teaching methods to promote effective language learning. Whether through structured practice, clear objectives, or structured feedback, behaviorist approaches offer valuable tools for enhancing language acquisition in the classroom.